UPSC MAINS 2023 (GENERAL STUDIES I)Q17 : From being net food importer in 1960s, India has emerged as a net food exporter to the world. Provide reasons.

Q17 : From being net food importer in 1960s, India has emerged as a net food exporter to the world. Provide reasons.(Answer in 250 words) 15 Marks

India’s transformation from a net food importer in the 1960s to a net food exporter is a remarkable journey influenced by various factors, policies, and innovations. Here are the key reasons for this significant shift:

Green Revolution

1. High-Yield Varieties (HYVs):

• Introduction of HYVs: The Green Revolution in the late 1960s and 1970s introduced high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice, which significantly increased agricultural productivity.
• Increased Production: The adoption of these varieties led to substantial increases in the production of staple crops, particularly in states like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.

1. Improved Agricultural Practices:

• Modern Farming Techniques: The use of modern farming techniques, including better irrigation methods, use of chemical fertilizers, and pesticides, contributed to higher yields.
• Mechanization: The introduction of tractors, threshers, and other agricultural machinery reduced labor costs and increased efficiency in farming practices.

Government Policies and Support

1. Agricultural Policies:

• Minimum Support Prices (MSP): The government implemented MSP for various crops to ensure that farmers received a fair price, encouraging them to produce more.
• Procurement and Storage: Government agencies like the Food Corporation of India (FCI) procured grains at MSP and maintained buffer stocks, stabilizing prices and ensuring food security.

1. Investment in Infrastructure:

• Irrigation Projects: Large-scale irrigation projects, such as the construction of dams and canals, improved water availability and reduced dependence on monsoons.
• Rural Electrification: Expansion of rural electrification facilitated the use of electric pumps for irrigation and other agricultural operations.

Agricultural Research and Development

1. Research Institutions:

• ICAR and State Agricultural Universities: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and state agricultural universities played a crucial role in developing new crop varieties and farming techniques.
• Extension Services: Agricultural extension services helped disseminate knowledge and innovations to farmers, improving their practices and productivity.

1. Seed Development and Distribution:

• Quality Seeds: Development and distribution of quality seeds through government and private initiatives ensured that farmers had access to the best planting materials.
• Seed Banks: Establishment of seed banks helped in preserving and distributing high-quality seeds during the sowing season.

Diversification and Export Promotion

1. Diversification of Crops:

• Cash Crops and Horticulture: Farmers diversified into cash crops like cotton, sugarcane, and horticultural crops such as fruits and vegetables, which have higher export potential.
• Livestock and Dairy: Growth in the livestock and dairy sectors contributed to agricultural income and export potential.

1. Export Incentives and Policies:

• Export Subsidies: The government provided export subsidies and incentives to encourage agricultural exports.
• Trade Agreements: Bilateral and multilateral trade agreements opened new markets for Indian agricultural products.

Market Reforms and Private Sector Participation

1. Market Liberalization:

• Deregulation: Market reforms, such as the removal of restrictions on the movement of agricultural produce and the establishment of private markets, improved market efficiency.
• Foreign Investment: Liberalization policies attracted foreign investment in the agricultural sector, enhancing infrastructure and technology.

1. Role of the Private Sector:

• Agri-business Companies: The involvement of agri-business companies in contract farming, food processing, and supply chain management improved the quality and competitiveness of Indian agricultural products.
• Technology Adoption: Private sector initiatives in providing technology, credit, and insurance services to farmers increased agricultural productivity and resilience.

Climate and Geographic Advantage

1. Diverse Climate:

• Varied Agro-Climatic Zones: India’s diverse agro-climatic zones support the cultivation of a wide range of crops throughout the year, ensuring a steady supply of agricultural products.
• Multiple Growing Seasons: The ability to grow multiple crops in a year due to favorable climatic conditions boosts overall agricultural output.

1. Rich Natural Resources:

• Fertile Soil: The fertile alluvial plains of the Indo-Gangetic region and other agriculturally rich areas support high agricultural productivity.
• Abundant Water Resources: Major river systems and improved irrigation infrastructure provide ample water for agriculture.

Conclusion

India’s journey from being a net food importer to a net food exporter is the result of a combination of strategic policies, scientific advancements, infrastructure development, and market reforms. The Green Revolution laid the foundation, while continued government support, private sector involvement, and agricultural diversification ensured sustained growth and productivity. These factors have collectively transformed India’s agricultural sector, making it a significant player in the global food market.